The human conscience (al-ḍamīr) has an important role to play in the daily life of a believer. It is a natural intuition that resides in the heart by which people can recognize good and evil. It acts as a source of guidance and moral authority for the individual, to be complemented and refined by the wisdom of divine revelation.
The definition of righteousness in Islam is to have good character, a sincere inward disposition and pure heart that motivates one to do good deeds. Through this moral faculty one can recognize sin by how it affects the heart. If a believer is uncomfortable or hesitant to perform a deed and would be ashamed for people to see him doing it, then that is a strong indication that the deed is sinful.
الْبِرُّ حُسْنُ الْخُلُقِ وَالإِثْمُ مَا حَاكَ فِي صَدْرِكَ وَكَرِهْتَ أَنْ يَطَّلِعَ عَلَيْهِ النَّاسُ Righteousness is good character and sin is what waivers in your heart and you hate for people to find out about it.Abu Umamah reported: A man asked the Prophet, “What is faith?” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
إِذَا سَرَّتْكَ حَسَنَتُكَ وَسَاءَتْكَ سَيِّئَتُكَ فَأَنْتَ مُؤْمِنٌIf you are happy with your good deeds and saddened by your evil deeds, then you are a believer.
The man said, “O Messenger of Allah, what is sin?” The Prophet said:
إِذَا حَاكَ فِي نَفْسِكَ شَيْءٌ فَدَعْهُIf something waivers in your soul, then you should abandon it.Source: Musnad Aḥmad 21695, Grade: Sahih
الإِثْمُ حَوَّازُ الْقُلُوبِSin is what disturbs the hearts.Source: al-Zuhd li-Hannād 935
Believers do not reach the heights of faith until they abandon deeds that are doubtful and dubious. If our hearts and minds are in doubt about a certain deed, then we should not do it.
Hasan ibn Ali reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
دَعْ مَا يَرِيبُكَ إِلَى مَا لَا يَرِيبُكَ فَإِنَّ الصِّدْقَ طُمَأْنِينَةٌ وَإِنَّ الْكَذِبَ رِيبَةٌLeave what makes you doubt for what does not make you doubt. Verily, truth brings peace of mind and falsehood sows doubt.Source: Sunan al-Tirmidhī 2518, Grade: Sahih
لَا يَبْلُغُ الْعَبْدُ حَقِيقَةَ التَّقْوَى حَتَّى يَدَعَ مَا حَاكَ فِي الصَّدْرِThe servant will not reach the reality of piety (taqwā) until he abandons what wavers in his heart.Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 8
The moral conscience is part of the natural instinct (al-fiṭrah) that Allah embedded within the human soul. The divine revelation only activates the moral awareness inherent within people. The religion builds upon this natural moral awareness and refines it with wisdom and instruction.
Allah said:
فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنِيفًا ۚ فِطْرَتَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا ۚ لَا تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَDirect your face toward the religion inclining to truth. Adhere to the nature of Allah upon which he has created all people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah. That is the correct religion, but most people do not know.Surat al-Rūm 30:30
This is why Allah constantly refers to goodness as ma’rūf, which literally means the good that is well-known and recognized. In contrast, evil is referred to as munkar, which literally means evil that is unknown and rejected.
وَلِهَذَا سَمَّى اللَّهُ مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ مَعْرُوفًا وَمَا نَهَى عَنْهُ مُنْكَرًاFor this reason, Allah has named what he commanded as well-known (ma’rūf), and what he prohibited as unknown (munkar).Source: Jāmi’ al-‘Ulūm wal-Ḥikam 2/95
Allah often commands the believers to performs deeds that are ma’rūf, good deeds that are not legally specified but whose appropriate context can be inferred by intuition. For example, Allah commands the trustees of property not to release the property to those who will spoil it, but rather to speak to them in a good manner.
Allah said:
وَقُولُوا لَهُمْ قَوْلًا مَّعْرُوفًاAnd say to them an appropriate kind word (ma’rūfa).Surat al-Nisā 4:5
The commentators disagreed on the exact meaning of ma’rūf in this context, but they all understood it to mean a good word and an act of righteousness. The general meaning allows believers to use their instinct to determine the best thing to say when they encounter a similar situation. In other words, do what you know in your heart and mind is right.
Moreover, part of the natural instinct in people is to feel a sense of guilt, shame, and regret when they do something wrong. Allah created this part of the human soul and swears an oath by it to draw our attention to it.
Allah said:
وَلَا أُقْسِمُ بِالنَّفْسِ اللَّوَّامَةِAnd I swear by the self-reproaching soul…Surat al-Qiyāmah 75:2
The human heart naturally blames itself when it commits an evil deed, or blames itself for failing to perform a good deed.
Ikramah explained the meaning of the self-reproaching soul, saying:
تَلُومُ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ وَالشَّرِّIt blames itself for good and evil.
تَنْدَمُ عَلَى مَا فَاتَ وَتَلُومُ عَلَيْهِIt regrets what it missed and blames itself.Source: Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī 75:2
Hence, the human conscience is a natural sense of justice and righteousness, an inner voice that people should listen to when making judgments in their daily lives. Feelings of guilt, regret, shame, or doubt are strong indicators that a particular deed is sinful. Likewise, feelings of tranquility, satisfaction, and peace of mind are the results of doing good deeds.
وَفِي الصَّفْحِ وَالْعَفْوِ وَالْحِلْمِ مِنَ الْحَلَاوَةِ وَالطُّمَأْنِينَةِ وَالسَّكِينَةِ وَشَرَفِ النَّفْسِ وَعِزِّهَا وَرِفْعَتِهَا عَنْ تَشَفِّيهَا بِالِانْتِقَامِIn clemency, forgiveness, and forbearance are the sweetness of faith, peace of mind, and tranquility, as well as the nobility of the soul, its honor, and its ascent over satisfaction with revenge.Source: Madārij al-Sālikīn 2/303
Believers ought to follow their conscience even if it conflicts with the religious verdict (fatwā) of a learned scholar (muftī). Islam does not encourage people to blindly follow religious leaders when their hearts tell them otherwise.
Abu Tha’laba reported: I said, “O Messenger of Allah, tell me what is lawful and unlawful for me.” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
الْبِرُّ مَا سَكَنَتْ إِلَيْهِ النَّفْسُ وَاطْمَأَنَّ إِلَيْهِ الْقَلْبُ وَالْإِثْمُ مَا لَمْ تَسْكُنْ إِلَيْهِ النَّفْسُ وَلَمْ يَطْمَئِنَّ إِلَيْهِ الْقَلْبُ وَإِنْ أَفْتَاكَ الْمُفْتُونَRighteousness is serenity in the soul and peace of mind in the heart. Sin is not comfortable in the soul and not satisfying to the heart, even if the judge (muftī) gives you approval.Source: Musnad Aḥmad 17396, Grade: Sahih
Wabisa ibn Ma’bad reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said to me:
جِئْتَ تَسْأَلُ عَنْ الْبِرِّ وَالْإِثْمِHave you come to ask about righteousness and sin?
I said yes. The Prophet clenched his fist and struck his chest, saying:
اسْتَفْتِ نَفْسَكَ اسْتَفْتِ قَلْبَكَ يَا وَابِصَةُ ثَلَاثًا الْبِرُّ مَا اطْمَأَنَّتْ إِلَيْهِ النَّفْسُ وَاطْمَأَنَّ إِلَيْهِ الْقَلْبُ وَالْإِثْمُ مَا حَاكَ فِي النَّفْسِ وَتَرَدَّدَ فِي الصَّدْرِ وَإِنْ أَفْتَاكَ النَّاسُ وَأَفْتَوْكَConsult your soul, consult your heart, O Wabisa. Righteousness is what reassures your soul and your heart, and sin is what wavers in your soul and puts tension in your chest, even if the people approve it in their judgments again and again.Source: Sunan al-Dārimī 2533, Grade: Sahih
Abdur Rahman ibn Mu’awiyah reported: A man asked the Prophet, saying, “O Messenger of Allah, what is lawful and unlawful for me?” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, struck his chest and he said:
مَا أَنْكَرَ قَلْبُكَ فَدَعْهُWhatever your heart rejects, then abandon it.Source: al-Zuhd wal-Raqā’iq 1147, Grade: Sahih
Ibn Mas’ud, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
إِيَّاكُمْ وَحَزَّازَ الْقُلُوبِ وَمَا حَزَّ فِي قَلْبِكِ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَدَعْهُBeware of what disturbs the hearts. If something unsettles your heart, then abandon it.Source: Jāmi’ al-‘Ulūm wal-Ḥikam 2/95
The reason scholars are not blindly followed, even if they are very pious and learned, is because everyone makes mistakes. Every judge gives a bad judgment at one time or another, every scholar has a gap in his knowledge. Wise men and women, in fact, are not immune from error. If the statement of a wise person conflicts with our conscience, then we should not accept it.
Abu Idrees reprted: Mu’adh ibn Jabal, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
وَأُحَذِّرُكُمْ زَيْغَةَ الْحَكِيمِ فَإِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ يَقُولُ فِي الْحَكِيمِ كَلِمَةَ الضَّلالَةِ وَقَدْ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُ كَلِمَةَ الْحَقِّI warn you of the deviation of the wise man, for Satan can speak a word of misguidance through the wise man and the hypocrite can speak the truth. Thus, accept the truth for upon the truth is light.
They said, “How can we know if the wise man, may Allah have mercy on him, has spoken misguidance?” Mu’adh said:
هِيَ كَلِمَةٌ تُنْكِرُونَهَا مِنْهُ وَتَقُولُونَ مَا هَذِهِ فَلا يُثْنِيكُمْ فَإِنَّهُ يُوشِكُ أَنْ يَفِئَ وَيُرَاجِعَ بَعْضَ مَا تَعْرِفُونَ وَإِنَّ الْعَمَلَ وَالإِيمَانَ مَكَانَهُمَا إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ مَنِ ابْتَغَاهُمَا وَجَدَهُمَاIt is a word you reject from him and you say: What is this? Yet do not turn away from him, for he may retract it and return to some of what you recognize. Verily, the place of faith and deeds is set until the Day of Resurrection, so whoever seeks them will find them.Source: Hilyat al-Awliyā 819
The moral conscience of the believer is a very important check on the misuse or abuse of the religion. Every person has the potential to misunderstand the wisdom of divine revelation, misinterpret the sacred texts, misapply the principles, or, in the worst case, deliberately use the scripture for an evil purpose. To compensate for this, Allah gave us an innate sense of justice and righteousness to complement our understanding and interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah.
Nevertheless, the human conscience cannot be an absolute moral authority for the believer. It has to be aided by knowledge, reason, and the wisdom of divine revelation. Every person begins life with a pure conscience but external influences, bad characters, and satanic suggestions corrupt the hearts and minds of people. When the hearts are corrupt and the minds are ignorant, the conscience might become a source of misguidance.
Iyad ibn Himar reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
وَإِنِّي خَلَقْتُ عِبَادِي حُنَفَاءَ كُلَّهُمْ وَإِنَّهُمْ أَتَتْهُمْ الشَّيَاطِينُ فَاجْتَالَتْهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِمْ وَحَرَّمَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا أَحْلَلْتُ لَهُمْ وَأَمَرَتْهُمْ أَنْ لَا يُشْرِكُوا بِي مَا لَمْ أُنْزِلْ بِهِ سُلْطَانًاAllah said: I have created all of my servants as true believers but devils turn them away from their religion. They make unlawful what is lawful for them, and they command them to associate partners with me although no authority has been revealed for them.Everyone has a natural sense of shame that should be a source of moral guidance. But some people suppress their sense of shame again and again until it nearly disappears. When shame is gone, a person will do whatever they want regardless of whether it is good or evil. They will never be restrained by guilt or regret.
Abu Mas’ud reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
إِنَّ مِمَّا أَدْرَكَ النَّاسُ مِنْ كَلَامِ النُّبُوَّةِ إِذَا لَمْ تَسْتَحْيِ فَافْعَلْ مَا شِئْتَVerily, among the words people obtained from the prophets are this: If you feel no shame, then do as you wish.Thus, the conscience is an important source of moral guidance, but it is not the only source of guidance.
In sum, the believers and human beings more generally are born with a pure conscience that helps them recognize good and evil. The divine revelation activates the conscience of the believers, refines it, and guides it to its best form. At the same time, the conscience is a check on the abuse and misuse of the scripture. The highest level of moral clarity can be achieved when the conscience is brought into harmony and reconciled with the principles of religion.
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